Newton formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, laid the foundations of classical mechanics and optics, and developed calculus
Einstein developed the theories of special and general relativity, proposed the concept of mass-energy equivalence, and made groundbreaking discoveries in quantum physics and cosmology
Galileo pioneered the use of the telescope for astronomical observations, supported the heliocentric model of the solar system, and established the scientific method
Maxwell unified the theories of electricity and magnetism, formulated the electromagnetic theory of light, and introduced the concept of the electromagnetic field
Bohr developed the quantum model of the atom, introduced the principle of complementarity, and contributed to the development of nuclear physics and quantum mechanics